Seed size is regulated by siRNAs from Arabidopsis maternal tissue in a spatial-temporal manner ($)(PNAS)

Studying seed development is important for understanding plant evolution and engineering food production. Previous discoveries have shown that maternal small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), which induce RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) through NRPD1-mediated pathway, regulate seed development in Arabidopsis. However, it was ambiguous whether the maternal expression of these NRPD1-siRNAs is from the seed coat (maternal) or from the endosperm (uniparentally expressed alleles). Here, Kirkbride et al. used laser-capture microdissection (LCM) to separate small RNA in the endosperm and seed coat and investigate their biological effects. This study shows that the spatial-temporal expression of specific AGAMOUS-LIKE (AGL) transcription factors is regulated by maternal siRNAs, and the ON/OFF of these imprinted genes in the endosperm changes seed size. These discoveries provide a potential strategy to optimize seed production and crop yields. (Summary by Jin Liao) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 10.1073/pnas.1807621116